Flexible fabric ribbon connectors for garments with sensors and electronics

ABSTRACT

Elastic electrical connectors that may be incorporated into a garment to connect multiple electrical components in the garment. These electrical connectors are typically long strips of fabric substrate to which wires are attached along a length of one side in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern. The connector may also include an adhesive coating on one side to secure it to a fabric. The wires are electrically insulated, which may be a thermoremovable insulation (e.g., a polyurethane having a melting point of &lt;400° C.). The wires may be attached to the surface of the fabric strip by a stitch at each peak and trough of the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern with a length between peak and trough stitches between about 1 mm and 15 mm.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.15/877,378, filed on Jan. 22, 2018, and titled “FLEXIBLE FABRIC RIBBONCONNECTORS FOR GARMENTS WITH SENSORS AND ELECTRONICS,” which claimspriority as a continuation-in-part of International Patent ApplicationNo. PCT/IB2016/001146, filed on Jul. 20, 2016, and titled “FLEXIBLEFABRIC RIBBON CONNECTORS FOR GARMENTS WITH SENSORS AND ELECTRONICS,”which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.62/194,731, titled “FLEXIBLE FABRIC RIBBON CONNECTORS FOR GARMENTS WITHSENSORS AND ELECTRONICS,” and filed on Jul. 20, 2015.

This application is also a continuation-in-part of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/813,073, filed Nov. 14, 2017, titled “GARMENTSHAVING STRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVE INK,” now U.S. Pat. No. 10,045,439,which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/324,152,filed Jan. 5, 2017, titled “GARMENTS HAVING STRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVEINK,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,817,440, which is a national phase applicationunder 35 USC 371 of International Patent Application No.PCT/IB2015/001802, filed Jul. 14, 2015, titled “GARMENTS HAVINGSTRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVE INK,” which is a continuation-in-part of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/331,185, filed Jul. 14, 2014, titled“METHODS OF MAKING GARMENTS HAVING STRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVE INK,” nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,945,328, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Pat.Ser. No. 14/023,830, filed Sep. 11, 2013, titled “WEARABLE COMMUNICATIONPLATFORM,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,282,893, which claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/699,440, filed Sep. 11, 2012,titled “SMARTWEAR SYSTEM,” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No.61/862,936, filed Aug. 6, 2013, and titled “WEARABLE COMMUNICATIONPLATFORM.”

U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/331,185 claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/950,782, filed Mar. 10, 2014 andtitled “PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING GARMENTS.”

International Patent Application No. PCT/IB2015/001802 is also acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/612,060,filed Feb. 2, 2015, titled “GARMENTS HAVING STRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVEINK,” now U.S. Pat. No. 9,986,771, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/331,185, filed Jul. 14, 2014, titled“METHODS OF MAKING GARMENTS HAVING STRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVE INK,” nowU.S. Pat. No. 8,945,328

This application may be related to U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/612,060, filed on Feb. 2, 2015 (“GARMENTS HAVING STRETCHABLE ANDCONDUCTIVE INK”), which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 14/331,142 filed Jul. 14, 2014 (“COMPRESSION GARMETS HAVINGSTRETCHABLE AND CONDUCTIVE INK”). This application may also be relatedto U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/644,180, filed Mar. 10, 2015(“PHYSIOLOGICAL MONITORING GARMENTS”), which claims priority to U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 62/097,560, filed on Dec. 29, 2015(“STRETCHABLE, CONDUCTIVE TRACES AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING SAME”).

INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

All publications and patent applications mentioned in this specificationare herein incorporated by reference in their entirety to the sameextent as if each individual publication or patent application wasspecifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.

FIELD

The disclosure herein relates to electrical connectors for garmentshaving multiple integrated electrical components (including sensors),and garments including them. In particular, this disclosure relates tostrips of elastic electrical connectors that may be used to connectmultiple electrical devices on a garment having integrated electricaldevices.

BACKGROUND

In recent years the development of wearable electronics has dramaticallyexpanded. Computers with ever-faster computer processors enabled fastercommunication with increased processing speed and improved analysis ofvast quantities of data. In addition, sensor technology has also rapidlyexpanded how patients have been monitored, even by non-professionals.The development of various sensors enabled a variety of measurements tobe taken and analyzed by a computer to generate useful information. Theuse of medical sensing technology in combination with variouscommunications platforms may provide new and interesting ways forpeople, including patients, to be monitored or to monitor themselves andcommunicate the results of the monitoring with their physician orcaregiver.

Cardiovascular and other health-related problems, including respiratoryproblems may be detected by monitoring a patient. Monitoring may allowearly and effective intervention, and medical assistance may be obtainedbased on monitored physiological characteristics before a particularhealth issue becomes fatal. Unfortunately, most currently availablecardiovascular and other types of health monitoring systems arecumbersome and inconvenient (e.g., impractical for everyday use) and inparticular, are difficult or impractical to use for long-termmonitoring, particularly in an unobtrusive manner.

Clothing that includes sensors have been previously suggested. See,e.g., US2007/0178716 to Glaser et al., which describes a “modularmicroelectronic-system” designed for use with wearable electronics.US2012/0071039 to Debock et al. describes interconnect and terminationmethodology fore-textiles that include a “conductive layer that includesconductors includes a terminal and a base separately provided from theterminal. The terminal has a mating end and a mounting end.”US2005/0029680 to Jung et al. describes a method and apparatus for theintegration of electronics in textiles. These wearable electronicgarments are limited however, in their ability to comfortably andaccurately link electronics (including sensors) on the garment.

It has been proposed that patient health parameters, including vitalsigns (such as ECG, respiration, blood oxygenation, heart rate, etc.)could be actively monitoring using one or more wearable monitors,however, to date such monitors have proven difficult to use andrelatively inaccurate. Ideally such monitors could be unobtrusively wornby the subject (e.g., as part of a garment, jewelry, or the like). Todate, the wearable electronics garments proposed all suffer from anumber of deficits, including being uncomfortable, difficult to use andmanufacture, and providing inaccurate results. For example, inapplications such as US 2012/0136231, a number of individual electrodesare positioned on the garment and connected to a processor by wovenconductive fibers or the like; although such garments “require . . .consistent and firm conductive contact with the subject's skin,” inorder to provide accurate readings, such designs require that thegarment be restrictive in order to prevent movement of the garment (andthus sensors) contacting these skin regions. Such a configurationrapidly becomes uncomfortable, particularly in a garment that wouldideally be worn for many hours or even days. In addition, even suchtightly worn garments often move relative to the wearer (e.g., slip orride up). Further, devices/garments such as those described in the priorart are difficult and expensive to manufacture, and are often rather“fragile”, preventing robust usage and washing. Finally, suchdevices/garments typically do not allow processing of manual user inputdirectly on the garment, but either relay entirely on passivemonitoring, or require an interface of some sort (including off-garmentinterfaces).

The use of garments including one or more sensors that may sensebiometric data have not found widespread use. In part, this may bebecause such garments may be limited in the kinds and versatility of theinputs that they accept, as well as limits in the comfort, and formfactor of the garment. For example, sensors, and the leads providingpower to and receiving signals from the sensors have not been fullyintegrated with the garment in a way that allows the garment to beflexible, attractive, practical, and above all, comfortable. Forexample, most such proposed garments have not been sufficientlystretchable. Finally, such proposed garments are also limited in thekind of data that they can receive, and how they process the receivedinformation.

What is needed are apparatuses (including garments) having multiplesensors that may be comfortably worn, yet provide relatively accurateand movement-insensitive measurements over a sustained period of time.It would also be beneficial to provide garments that can be easily andinexpensively manufactured.

In particular, what is needed are stretchable and conductive connectorsthat can be attached or applied onto a garment. These stretchable,conductive connectors may be used even with the most stretchable offabrics, and/or with compression fabrics/compression garments, and movedthrough numerous stretch/relaxation cycles with the underlying fabricwithout breaking and while maintaining a stable electrical connectionover time and use. The apparatuses, including devices and systemsincluding them described herein may address some or all of the problemsidentified above.

SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE

Described herein garments including integrated electronic sensors andmethods of making and using them. In particular, the methods andapparatuses described herein may provide methods and apparatuses(systems, devices, etc.) for forming garments with wearable electronicsthat may be fabricated in a robust, efficient, and cost-effectivemanner. For example, described herein are strips of elastic electricalconnectors that may be used to connect multiple electrical devices on agarment having integrated electrical devices (including sensors). Thesestrips of elastic electrical connectors may be adhesively applied to agarment (or a fabric to forma garment) and may be comfortably worn whileproviding robust electrical connection.

For example, described herein are elastic electrical connector devicesfor incorporating into a garment to connect multiple electricalcomponents in the garment. Such devices may include: an elongate stripof fabric substrate having a first side and a second side; a pluralityof wires extending along a length of the first side of the elongatestrip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, whereineach of the wires is electrically insulated, and wherein the pluralityof wires are attached to the first surface by a stitch at a peak and atrough of the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern; and an adhesive coating thefirst side.

As used herein, a sinusoidal pattern is a curve that describes arepeating (or oscillating) pattern, and may broadly include zig-zag,saw-tooth, (e.g., triangular), smooth, or other repeating waves having apeak and a trough, where the peak and trough are connected bynon-vertical paths (e.g., excluding purely square waveforms). Thus, ingeneral the oscillating pattern of the wires in any of the apparatuses(e.g., devices, garments, etc.) described herein may be referred to asan oscillating pattern having a series of longitudinally repeating peaksand troughs, wherein each peak is followed by an adjacent trough andseparated by a longitudinal distance (e.g., greater than 0.1 mm, 0.5 mm,1 mm, etc.) and separated by a vertical distance (e.g., amplitude).

Any of these elastic electrical connector device for incorporating intoa garment to connect multiple electrical components in the garment mayinclude: an elongate strip of fabric substrate having a first side witha length; a bundle of wires that are twisted together extending alongthe length of the first side of the elongate strip of fabric substratein a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, wherein each of the wires iselectrically insulated with a thermoremovable insulator, and wherein thebundle of wires are attached to the first surface by a stitch at eachpeak and trough of the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern wherein the lengthbetween peak and trough stitches is between about 1 mm and 15 mm; and anadhesive coating the first side.

The elastic electrical connector may be a generally thin strip (e.g.,ribbon, band, etc.) that may be relatively thin and narrow. For example,the strip may have a maximum thickness of less than about 2 mm (e.g.,less than about 1.9 mm, less than about 1.8 mm, less than about 1.7 mm,less than about 1.6 mm, less than about 1.5 mm, less than about 1.4 mm,less than about 1.3 mm, less than about 1.2 mm, less than about 1.1 mm,less than about 1.0 mm, etc.).

The elastic electrical connector may be any appropriate length andthickness. For example, the elastic electrical connector (the elongatestrip of fabric substrate of the elastic electrical connector) may bebetween about 0.6 mm and about 3 cm wide, and greater than about 10 cmlong. The length may extend for meters, including greater than 1 m,greater than 2 m, greater than 3 m, etc. the elastic electricalconnector may be spooled up so that it may be cut to fit andconveniently used in a variety of fabrications.

The plurality of wires comprises a bundle of wires twisted together. Insome variations, the plurality may be wires arranged in parallel. Theplurality of wires generally includes between 2 and 20 (e.g., between 2and 18, 2 and 17, 2 and 16, 2 and 15, 2 and 14, 2 and 13, 2 and 12, 2and 11, 2 and 10, 2 and 9, 2 and 8, 2, etc.). In general, each of thewires is individually coded along its outer length, so that it may bedistinguished from the other wires. For example, each wire may be adistinct color and/or pattern (e.g., printed on the outer visiblesurface of the wire. When the plurality is a bundle of wires, the wiresare typically individually electrically insulated. Thus, the bundle isnot encased or enclosed as a group, so that they can be individuallyseparated out from the bundle, through pulled out of the stich orattachment holding them to the substrate fabric.

As mentioned, each wire is typically individually electricallyinsulated, and this electrical insulation may be configured as athermoremovable insulator that can be removed by application of arelatively low heat, as applied during soldering. Thus, the wires maynot need to be separately stripped or removed of the insulation. Forexample, the wires may be made of a copper wire that is electricallyinsulated with a polyurethane.

The wires are typically attached on one side of the substrate (fabric)in a sinusoidal pattern, or more specifically a zig-zag pattern. Forexample, the sinusoid or zig-zag pattern may have an amplitude (frompeak to trough, measured in a direction normal to the zig-zag pattern)that is from about 0.2 mm to 20 mm (e.g., from 0.5 mm to about 15 mm,etc.). The distance between the peak and trough measured along thesinusoidal (e.g., zig-zag) pattern, e.g., a length between peak andtrough stitches, may be between about 0.5 mm and about 20 mm (e.g.,between about 1 mm and 15 mm, etc.).

The elastic electrical connector typically has a relaxed configuration(e.g., unstretched) and a stretched configuration. The garment may bestretched up to about 100% (2×) or more (e.g., 200%, 300%, etc.) of itsrelaxed configuration without breaking one of the connecting wires.

In some variations, it is helpful that the wires (e.g., bundle of wires)are held to the garment by one or more stitches at the peak and troughof the sinusoidal pattern, as through stitches around the wires thatpass through the substrate. This configuration may allow the stitches toact as eyelets that the wires may slide, while still maintaining theshape of the sinusoid.

In any of the elastic electrical connectors described herein theadhesive coating may be a relatively thin adhesive coating. For example,the adhesive coating may comprise a hot melt film having a low meltingpoint. The adhesive coating may have a thickness of between 10 and 200micrometers thick (e.g., 20 and 190, 30 and 180, 40 and 170, 50 and 160,60 and 150, etc., or any thickness between 10 and 200 micrometers. Theactual thickness may depend on the material, though thinner coatings arepreferred. The adhesive is configured to secure the elastic electricalconnector to the garment that it will form a part of. Thus, anyappropriate garment-compatible (and somewhat elastic and/or flexible)adhesive may be used. For example, the adhesive coating comprises a hotmelt film having a melting point of between about 130° C. and 200° C.

In any of these variations, the substrate fabric may be formed of thesame fabric as the garment to which the elongate strip of fabricsubstrate is to be attached, including a stretchable fabric substrate.For example, the elongate strip of fabric substrate may comprise apolyamide/elastane blend fabric (e.g., 74% polyamide, 26% elastane).

Any of these devices (elastic electrical connectors) may include aremovable backing on the first side covering the adhesive. The back maybe paper (e.g., waxed paper), plastic, or the like, and may be peeledoff to expose the adhesive.

Also described herein are elastic electrical connector device forincorporating into a garment to connect multiple electrical componentsin the garment, the device comprising: an elongate strip of fabricsubstrate having a first side and a second side; a plurality of wiresextending along a length of the first side of the elongate strip offabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, wherein each of thewires is electrically insulated, and wherein the plurality of wires areattached to the first surface; and an adhesive coating the first side.

Method of making these elastic electrical connectors are also describedherein. A method of forming an elastic electrical connector that may beapplied to a garment to connect multiple electrical components of thegarment may include: attaching an elongate bundle of wires to a firstsurface of an elongate strip of fabric in a sinusoidal or zig-zagpattern comprising alternating peaks and troughs, wherein the wires areeach electrically insulated, and wherein the bundle is attached to thefirst surface by at least one stitch at each peak and trough of thesinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, wherein the length between peak andtrough stitches is between about 1 mm and 15 mm; applying an adhesivecoating the first side; and covering the adhesive coating with aremovable backing.

Also described herein are garments made using the elastic electricalconnectors described herein. For example, a garment may include: a firstfabric; a plurality of electrical components on the first fabric; and atleast one elastic electrical connector comprising: an elongate strip ofa second fabric substrate having a first side; a plurality of wiresextending along a length of the first side of the elongate strip offabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, wherein each of thewires is electrically insulated, and wherein the plurality of wires areattached to the first surface by a stitch at a peak and a trough of thesinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, and an adhesive coating the first side;wherein the each electrical component is connected to one or more wirein the at least one electrical connector. In general, the electricalcomponents described herein that may be connected by the elasticelectrical connectors may include any appropriate electrical component,and in particular (but not limited to) a sensor.

A method of forming a garment may include: adhesively attaching one ormore elastic electrical connector to a first fabric, each elasticelectrical connector comprising: an elongate strip of a second fabricsubstrate having a first side; a plurality of wires extending along alength of the first side of the elongate strip of fabric substrate in asinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, wherein each of the wires is electricallyinsulated, and wherein the plurality of wires are attached to the firstsurface by a stitch at a peak and a trough of the sinusoidal or zig-zagpattern, and an adhesive coating the first side; and attaching aplurality of electrical components to the first fabric, wherein eachelectrical component is connected to at least one wire of the one ormore elastic electrical connector.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity inthe claims that follow. A better understanding of the features andadvantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to thefollowing detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments,in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and theaccompanying drawings of which:

FIG. 1A is a schematic illustration of an elastic electrical connectordevice for incorporating into a garment to connect multiple electricalcomponents in the garment, shown in a top view. FIG. 1B is a side viewof the electrical connector shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 2 illustrates a roll of elastic electrical connector such as theconnector shown in FIG. 1A.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of another example of an elasticelectrical connector for use in connecting multiple electricalcomponents to a garment.

FIG. 4 shows one example of a bundle of insulated (enameled) wires of anelastic electrical connector connected on one side of a fabric materialforming an elastic electrical connector.

FIG. 5 is another example of a bundle of insulated (enameled) wires ofan elastic electrical connector connected on one side of a fabricmaterial forming an elastic electrical connector.

FIG. 6 illustrates the use an elastic electrical connector such as thosedescribed herein to electrically connect with an electrical component(e.g., a printed circuit board, or PCB, of a UART BUS).

FIG. 7 illustrates the use an elastic electrical connector such as thosedescribed herein to electrically connect with another electricalcomponent (e.g., an external connector).

FIG. 8 illustrates the use an elastic electrical connector such as thosedescribed herein to electrically connect with an electrical component(e.g., a strain gauge).

FIG. 9 illustrates the use an elastic electrical connector such as thosedescribed herein to electrically connect with an electrical component(e.g., electrodes).

FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate data characterizing the electrical propertiesand behavior of one example of an elastic electrical connector asdescribed herein. FIG. 10A is a graph showing test results illustratingthe voltage through wires of a flexible (fabric) connector having fourwires, over repeated cycles of stretching (up to 3000 cycles). FIG. 10Bgraphically illustrates an example of a connector having six wires. FIG.10C illustrates an example of a connector having 8 connectors.

FIG. 11 is a schematic section through a bundle of six insulated(enameled) wires that may be used to form an elastic electricalconnector.

FIG. 12 is a schematic section through a bundle of four insulated(enameled) wires that may be used to form an elastic electricalconnector.

FIG. 13 illustrates on elongate strip of fabric configured as an elasticelectrical connector.

FIG. 14 shows an enlarged view of the proximal end of the elasticelectrical connector device of FIG. 13, showing the ends of sixinsulated wires forming the wire bundle arranged in a zig-zag patternalong the length of the elastic electrical connector.

FIG. 15A is an enlarged view of a stretch sensor such as the one shownin FIG. 8, electrically connected to two of the wires of an elasticelectrical connector.

FIG. 15B shows another view (enlarged) of a region of a stretch sensorsimilar to the one shown in FIG. 15A with the inside exposed; FIG. 15Cshows the sensor of FIG. 15B with a cover attached.

FIG. 16 is an example of an elastic electrical connector shown connectedto multiple electrical components, including a body ground pad, ECGelectrode, and breath sensor. Additional electrical components may alsobe added.

FIGS. 17A-17F illustrate assembly of an electrode sensor. These figuresare showing the new electrode assembly (in this case is the EMGelectrode). Take note that this new structure is common to all of ourelectrodes and basically it is made applying, by thermal process, theink sensor on a fabric base (not elastic) with glue film (the same ofthe ribbon) on the other side. This “multilayer” gets holed, then therivet is inserted in the hole.

FIG. 18 illustrates machining of an electrode sensor by riveting aconnector in contact with a conductive ink forming the sensor.

FIGS. 19A and 19B show an EMG electrode. FIG. 19A shows the front(wearer-facing) surface, while FIG. 19B shows the back surface that willbe attached to the garment. The sensor may be connected to a connector(e.g., a SPIDON as described herein) and then applied to the garment.

FIG. 20 illustrates soldering of an EMG electrode such as the ones shownin FIGS. 19A and 19B to an electrical connector device by connecting(soldering) at the cap of the attached rivet.

FIG. 21 shows one example of a sensor management system (SMS), includinga housing, connected to a fabric (e.g., garment), to which an elasticelectrical connector may also be connected.

FIG. 22 illustrates an assembled SMS connector and housing attached to afabric (garment).

FIG. 23 shows a top of an SMS housing.

FIG. 24 shows a bottom of an SMS housing.

FIG. 25 shows another view of a top of an SMS housing including an epoxyresin for waterproofing.

FIG. 26 illustrates different housing configurations (e.g., left 20poles, middle 24 poles, and right 28 poles) for an SMS housing.

FIG. 27A illustrates a multimedia module device (MMM device) mating withan SMS connector, show in partial cross-section. FIG. 27B shows the MMMdevice and SMS connector fully mated.

FIG. 28 shows a solder layer of an SMS microcontroller.

FIG. 29 shows a component layer of an SMS microcontroller.

FIG. 30A shows the SMS microcontroller of FIGS. 28 and 29 housed withinan SMS housing.

FIG. 30B shows another example of a housing for an SMS microcontroller.

FIG. 31 is another illustration, similar to that shown in FIG. 6, of anSMS connected to an elastic electrical connector as described herein.

FIG. 32 illustrates another example of electrodes connected to anelastic electrical connector, similar to that shown in FIG. 9.

FIG. 33 illustrates an elastic electrical connector connected to asix-pole female connector and a splitter PCB.

FIG. 34 shows four elastic electrical connectors, each electricallyconnected to the SMS connector.

FIG. 35A illustrates a system or subsystem (referred to herein as a‘spydon system’ or spydon subsystem) including multiple (e.g., 5)elastic electrical connectors that each contain a plurality ofconductive wires connected or connectable distally to multiple differentelectrical components (e.g., sensors) and connected at a proximal end toan SMS connector; this entire network may be adhesively and/or otherwisetransferred and connected to a fabric to form a wearable garment.

FIG. 35B is another example of a system (or subsystem) having multipleelastic electrical connectors each containing a plurality of conductivewires connected or connectable to multiple different electricalcomponents (e.g., sensors) and connected at a proximal end to an SMSconnector, similar to that shown in FIG. 35A.

FIGS. 36-39 illustrate an alternative variation of an SMS (FIG. 38) andhousing (FIGS. 36, 37 and 39) for the SMS circuitry.

FIGS. 40A-40C illustrate examples of conductive thread sewn into asubstrate (e.g., fabric); FIG. 31A shows different patterns of stitches,having different pitches and widths (angles); FIG. 40B shows an exampleof five parallel conductive threads that may connect to five differentsensors. FIG. 40C shows an example of a single conductive thread (wire).

FIG. 41 illustrates one example of a wired ribbon (an elastic electricalconnector) that may be used to connect a stretchable fabric.

FIG. 42 illustrates the attachment of a conductive elastic ribbon formedas shown in above, to a stretch sensor using two wires from the elasticelectrical connector.

FIGS. 43, 44 and 45 illustrate one method of making a sealed conductiveribbon (elastic electrical connector) including a stretch sensor coupledto an elastic electrical connector.

FIGS. 46-48 show examples of elastic electrical connector that may beadhesively attached to a garment to connect multiple electricalcomponents.

FIG. 49 illustrates one example of a sensor (e.g., inertial measurementunit or IMU) that may be attached to an elastic connector for a wearableapparatus (garment). In this example, the IMU is attached by multiplewires (eight attachments, four per side, are shown).

FIG. 50 shows an exemplary connection of a PCB (printed circuit board)and a jack (e.g., female jack connector) to an elastic connector.

FIG. 51 illustrates an IMU and jack such as those shown in FIGS. 49 and50 connected to an elastic connector as described herein.

FIG. 52A shows another example of a haptic actuator attached to asubstrate (e.g., in this example, PCB) that may be integrated into agarment, as shown in FIG. 52B. In FIG. 52B the haptic actuator andsubstrate at attached to a strip of wired fabric, as described above;this strip, including the sensor (haptic sensor) may be integrated intothe garment as part of the pre-wired strip of material.

FIG. 53 is an example of a wiring and sensor framework/subsystem (spydonsubsystem) including multiple elastic electrical connectors that eachcontain a plurality of conductive wires connected or connectable tomultiple different electrical components (e.g., sensors). The subsystemforms a branching framework of strips that are connected to acontroller/processor (e.g., via an SMS connector) and may be flexiblyand readily integrated into a variety of differently sized andconfigured garments. The branches network of connected sensors may beadhesively and/or otherwise transferred to the fabric to form a wearablegarment.

FIG. 54A is an exploded view of one example of an electrode that may beincluded in any of the apparatuses described herein, including in any ofthe strips of material including wiring. This electrode may beconfigured, e.g., as an EEG, EOG, etc., electrode. FIG. 54B shows anassembled view of the embossed electrode without the cover.

FIG. 55A is an example of a fabric cover for an electrode (e.g., an ECGelectrode) having a grip pattern. FIG. 55B is another example of a coverfor a longer ECG electrode.

FIGS. 56A-56C illustrate a method of electrically connecting an array ofelectrodes.

FIG. 57 is an example of a wiring and sensor framework/subsystem (spydonsubsystem) including multiple elastic electrical connectors that eachcontain a plurality of conductive wires connected or connectable tomultiple different electrical components (e.g., sensors). The subsystemforms a branching framework of strips that are connected to acontroller/processor (e.g., via an SMS connector) and may be flexiblyand readily integrated into a variety of differently sized andconfigured garments. The branches network of connected sensors may beadhesively and/or otherwise transferred to the fabric to form a wearablegarment. In FIG. 57, two vertical (and parallel) strips of breathsensors are included.

FIGS. 58A-58I illustrate one method of making a breath sensor using asilicone conductive cord.

FIG. 59 is an example of a method of forming another variation of abreath sensor from a plurality of flat layers.

FIG. 60A is an example of a temperature sensor that may be included inany of the garments described herein. FIG. 60B is an example of thetemperature sensor of FIG. 60A integrated into a garment.

FIG. 61 is an example of a finished garment including the sensorsdescribed herein.

FIG. 62A shows one example of a portion of a wiring and sensor frameworkfor a balaclava garment that may be worn on a user's head. FIG. 62B isan enlarged view of a portion of the framework of FIG. 62A, showing theattachment site for the speaker and the zig-zag pattern of electricalconnectors.

FIGS. 63A-63C illustrate left, front and right side views, respectivelyof a balaclava including a plurality of sensors that may be wornseparately or as part of a system of garments including sensors.

FIGS. 64A and 64B illustrate front perspective and rear perspectiveviews, respectively, of a balaclava to be worn on a subject's headsimilar to that shown in FIG. 63A-63B.

FIGS. 65A and 65B show rear and left size views, respectively, of thebalaclava device of FIGS. 63A-64B.

FIGS. 66A and 66B show right and front views, respectively, of thebalaclava device of FIGS. 63A-65B.

FIG. 67A shows a schematic of the wiring and sensor framework similar tothat shown in FIG. 62A-62B.

FIG. 67B illustrates a strip of electrical connector adhesive that maybe used to form the balaclava devices described herein in which a bundleof insulated wires is sewn (using a sewing thread, as shown) onto aflexible strip of transparent glue film support.

FIG. 68 is a schematic diagram of the components that may be included ina balaclava device such as the ones shown in FIGS. 63A-67B.

FIG. 69A illustrates a balaclava configured to acquire and relaybiometric signals from a user that may be used for monitoring sleep(e.g., sleep staging). The balaclava may be configured to detect EEGand/or EMG, as illustrated and may include a processor configured as aclassifier to detect awake/nREM sleep/REM sleep, etc. (alternatively,the processor may be separate from the device and data transmitted tothe remote processor).

FIG. 69B illustrates a balaclava configured to acquire and relaybiometric signals from a user that may be used for monitoring mandibularmuscle activity supports the diagnosis of bruxism. Thus, this balaclavais configured to monitor jaw movement (e.g., during sleep) and/or detectbruxism.

FIG. 69C illustrates a balaclava configured to acquire and relaybiometric signals from a user that may be used for monitoringfacial/head temperature as well as the bedroom's ambient temperature,which may be helpful for monitoring sleep.

FIG. 69D illustrates a balaclava configured to acquire and relaybiometric signals from a user that may be used for monitoring positionand movements of the head (e.g., during sleep). The separatelyconfigurations of FIGS. 69A-69D may be combined in any combination toprovide a head-monitoring device that may be worn, in particular, duringsleep.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In general, descried herein are wearable electronic devices. Wearableelectronics typically include garments that may be worn on a subject andinclude one (or more preferable, a plurality) of sensors that areconfigured to detect, process and relay biometric signals for monitoringthe user; outputs (haptics, speakers, etc.) may also be included, andone or more processors may be included as well. A particular challengefor wearable electronics is sizing. Because the garments may be used bya variety of different body types, and because they may be comfortablefor use through a variety of body movements, the garments must beconfigured to make robust and reliable contact with the subject's bodyin a predictable manner, even while being worn, stretched and otherwisemanipulated by the wearer. In particular, described herein are methodsand apparatuses (including devices, systems, garments, etc.) that formwearable electronics so that they may be easily fabricated and may makerobust and reliable electrical contact with sensors on the garment,while positioning the sensors in a predefined location on the wearer'sbody.

For example, described herein are elastic electrical connector devicesfor incorporating into a garment to connect multiple electricalcomponents in the garment, methods of making these elastic electricalconnectors, garments including elastic electrical connectors and methodsof making such garments.

An elastic electrical connector may be referred to herein as an elasticstrip connector, a fabric strip connector, or the like. Generally, theelastic electrical connectors described herein may include a fabricsubstrate (e.g., cut or formed into an elongate strip of fabricsubstrate). This substrate may be elastic (e.g., it may be made of astretchable fabric). A plurality of wires may be attached to one side ofthe fabric, and the plurality of wires may be attached in a sinusoidal(e.g., zig-zag) pattern along the length of the elastic electricalconnector. For example, the elastic electrical connector may include aplurality of wires extending along a length of the first side of theelongate strip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern.The wires may be attached to the substrate by sewing or stitching. Insome variations, the wires are attached by adhesive (instead of or inaddition to stitching). For example, the plurality of wires may beattached to the first surface by one or more stitches at the peaks andtroughs of the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern.

The garments described herein may be worn by any appropriateuser/subject/patient. As used herein the wearer may be referred to as auser, patient, or subject, or alternatively, “wearer,” and may includehuman and non-human (e.g., animal) subjects.

In general, there may be spacing between the attachment points at thepeak and troughs (e.g., between the stitches) holding the bundle ofwires to the substrate in the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern. Thisspacing may be greater than 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, 8mm, 9 mm, 10 mm, 11 mm, 12 mm, 13 mm, 14 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, etc. (e.g.,between about 1 mm and 15 mm); this spacing may be distance betweendurable attachment sites (e.g., stitches). The spacing betweenattachment points may along the length of the substrate may vary, or itmay be constant. Leaving the bundle of wires (which may be twistedtogether) may make the wires easier to separate out for attachment to anelectrical component as will be described below. Note that even invariations in which the wires are not referred to herein as attached,the wires of the elastic electrical connector may be considered asunattached, as the adhesive may not securely hold the wire(s) to thesubstrate between the peaks and troughs. In general, any of thevariations described herein (unless otherwise specified) may include anadhesive on one or both sides of the elastic electrical connector,including the side to which the zig-zag/sinusoidal wires (wire bundle)is attached.

In some variations the adhesive may hold (or help hold) the plurality ofwires or bundle of wires in the sinusoidal pattern as described. Forexample, the plurality of wires may be embedded within adhesive thatholds (or helps hold) the wires in the sinusoidal (e.g., zig-zag,sawtooth, etc.) oscillating pattern yet allow individual wires to beremoved from the adhesive and the substrate individually, e.g., bypulling, for cutting and attaching to an electrical device such as asensor. In any of the variations including adhesive, the adhesive mayhelp hold the plurality (e.g., bundle) of wires in the oscillatingpattern along the substrate while still permitting individual wires tobe removed from the side (e.g., back) of the substrate for attachment,leaving the other wires in the oscillating pattern. Thus, the adhesivestrength (e.g., tensile or pull-off adhesive strength) of a wire held tothe substrate (or within the substrate) may be relatively low, allowingit to be manually removed without damaging the individual wire ordisrupting the oscillatory pattern of the other wires on the substrate.

Each of the wires of the elastic electrical connector may beelectrically insulated. In particular, the insulation layer on the wiremay be thermo-removable, so that just heating (e.g., by soldering, e.g.,greater than 200 degrees C., greater than 250 degrees C., greater than300 degrees C., greater than 350 degrees C., greater than 400 degreesC., etc.) may remove the insulation from the wire at the heated portion,leaving the rest of the wire(s) insulated.

For example, FIG. 1 illustrates, schematically, one variation of anelastic electrical connector. In this example, the elastic electricalconnector device includes a strip of elastic fabric 109, an adhesive107, and a bundle of wires 102. Any number of wires (e.g., between 2 and20, 2 and 19, 2 and 18, 2 and 17, 2 and 16, 2 and 15, 2 and 14, etc.)may be included in the connector device. In this example, thezig-zag/sinusoidal bundle of wires may have an amplitude 105 (fromtrough to peak) of between about 0.5 to 15 mm (or more, e.g., 17, 18,19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, etc., mm). The stitch length 103, ordistance between trough and peak along the wire(s) may be between about1 mm to 15 mm.

The electrical connectors described herein may allow deformation(elongation, twisting, curling, etc.) of the electrical connections.Shortly, this is achieved by embedding a bundle of electrical wire in afabric sandwich held together by the thermo-adhesive. The thickness ofthe finished spidon may be important for wearable comfort. For example,the thickness applied may be between about 0.5 and 2 mm. (typically <2mm).

Because of the arrangement of the zig-zag (sigmoidal) assembly may havematerial property advantages. For example, maximum elongation (which isdictated by the mechanical properties of the chosen substrate fabric)may increase. The geometry of the ZIG.ZAG pattern is optimized to ensuremaximum elongation of the fabric in the long direction (Zig-zagdirection) (i.e., the ZIG-ZAG is not the weak-link).

The amplitude and stitch-lengths of the patterns used to form theelastic electrical connector. For example, the device (e.g., elasticelectrical connector) may be optimized to meet the above constraint andto support 3000 stress cycles, e.g., having a guaranteed elongation: ofbetween about 80% to 400. The values for range of angles between thelines of wire extending between peak and trough of usually between 30and 110 degrees.

The substrate used may be any appropriate substrate. For example thematerial used may be, e.g., Lycra, and other synthetic fibers. Forexample in some variations the fabric comprises a mixture of fabrics,such as a mixture of a synthetic (e.g., polyester) and another material(e.g. Lycra or elastin), e.g., around 25-40% of elastin or Lycra withthe remainder being polyester. The fabric in some ways acts as alimiter, limiting the maximum stretch of connector to the maximumstretch of the fabric used, or less.

As mentioned, any appropriate glue (adhesive) may be applied to the backof the elastic electrical connector. For example, the adhesive may beapplied to a thickness of between about 20 and 300 microns (e.g.,between about 80-100 microns, between about 50-200 microns, betweenabout 100-200 microns, etc.)

As will be described in more detail below, to connect a wire to anelectrical component, the wire may be cut and removed from the bundle atthe cut end so that it can be electrically connected. The wires may becoded (e.g., color/pattern coded), and the proper wire may be cut (e.g.,with a scalpel or scissor) and then when soldered directly; theapplication of the solder (heat) may remove e.g., by evaporation, theinsulation. In general, the wires in the bundle are not fused orenclosed together, but may be secured as a bungle only at the apexes(peaks and troughs) of the sinusoidal pattern, e.g., by a stitch. Thismay allow the wires to be individually separated and pulled out of thebundle (and out of the stitches holding the pattern, e.g., by pullingthe cut end from the bundle, allowing them to be easily identified andattached to an electrical component, such as a sensor or PCB.

Overall, the strip of fabric forming the device may be cut into fabricstrips of any length and width. E.g., strips may generally be between3-4 cm widths (e.g., as thin as possible). Likewise, the length may bevaried. In some examples (e.g., FIG. 2), a roll of elastic electricalconnector may be made and cut to order during fabrication of thegarments described herein.

This elastic electrical connectors may also be referred to as fabricribbons or fabric ribbon connectors, and may include the conductivezig-zag (e.g., sinusoidal) enameled, twisted wires. The purpose of theelastic electrical connector is to deliver signals and electricity inevery needed part of a garment. There are numerous advantages to thistype of elastic electrical connector: every single wire/conductor can beeasily connected to a sensor, an electrode or an electronic boardwithout having to strip the wire's jacket, or remove the fabricprotection or others. This is possible because the strand on enameled,twisted wires (composed from 2 to up to more than 8 wires) is sewed onthe glued side of the ribbon and can be easily worked on (cut, strippedof protection, welded, attached, . . . ) before being thermally appliedto the garment. Therefore only a single simple operation is needed inthe production process: removing the cut wire's insulation so that itcan be welded to electrodes, sensors or any electronic or electricalparts.

Moreover, this allows us to prepare the “harnesses” with all therequired connections in advance, to test it and to then ‘attach’ it (the‘harness’ or SPIDON assembly) to the garment in onesingle/efficient/low-cost operation much like is done in the carmanufacturing for the electrical distribution. In contrast to otherdevices and methods for connecting electrical components on a wearablegarment, the elastic electrical connectors described herein arerelatively thin (e.g., less than 2 mm, less than 1.9 mm, less than 1.8mm, less than 1.7 mm, less than 1.6 mm, less than 1.5 mm, etc.). Incontrast, other connectors are too thick which may prevent the comfortneeded in compression or tight clothes. Other connectors are alsodescribed as woven inside the ribbon, thus the connections can only bedone at the beginning or at the end of the ribbons so many differentribbons are needed. Further, it may be very difficult and time consumingto cut the ribbon at the desired dimensions and strip out the wireswithout damaging them. In some cases the wires may not have insulation,thus they have to be sewed separately limiting the ribbon width to thenumber of wires, moreover the ribbon risks to generate short-circuiteffects when in contact with sweat or rain.

The fabrication of the conductive ribbon as described herein may startwith the coupling of a thermo adhesive film with the fabric: the twocoupled materials pass then between two hot metal rollers that melt theglue onto the fabric side. A fabric reel normally has a dimension of 140cm width and a length of about 70 m: after the glue coupling process,the reel can be cut in smaller reels sized to the desired width (FIG.1). The ribbon reels come out with fabric on the external side and glue(protected with silicone-paper film) on the internal side.

Using a special custom designed sewing machine, the conductors strand issewn over the glue side of the ribbon (FIG. 3) after the protection filmis removed. The sewn ribbon has a standard length from 5 up to 8 metersdepending on the size of the spool and the capacity of the sewingmachine as well as on the number of wires inside the strand being used.Depending on the application, the strand can be sewn in the center ofthe ribbon (FIG. 4) or on one side (FIG. 5). The center sewing isnormally used for UART BUS distribution where a local uP on board of aPCB (FIG. 6) or an external connection (FIG. 7) are needed. In FIG. 6, aseparate thread 606 (shown as “center sewing strand” in FIG. 6) is usedto sew the bundle of conductive and insulated wires onto thestrip/ribbon of material. This strand is typically a thread of material(e.g., non-conductive, non-wire material) that may be cotton, polymeric(or any blend thereof) and may be stitched over the zig-zag pattern tosecure the tip and bottom (the peaks/troughs) of the zig-zag pattern tothe strip of substrate material. Stitching with a separate thread ofmaterial as shown has been found to allow the bundle of wires to(collectively or individually) slide against the strip of fabric whichmay avoid puckering or pulling when applied to the stretchable fabric(e.g., compression fabric, etc.), allowing more natural movement of thegarment. Thus, the zig-zag pattern shown in FIGS. 6-9 is secured to thesubstrate material (strip or ribbon of substrate) using a separatethread the forms loops anchored through the substrate fabricstrip/ribbon at the peaks and troughs. A continuous thread may be usedto stitch the peaks, troughs or peaks and troughs.

The side sewing may be used for sensors (FIG. 8, showing a strain gauge)and electrodes (FIG. 9) connections in the copper adhesive pads in orderto use the free space of the ribbon for cover and seal the contact area.

The use of an elastic electrical connector as a garment electrificationmethod has been tested by an external certified laboratory with acycling test bench machine doing a tensile strength with 20% ofelongation to verify the electrical continuity of the conductors. Notethat other (e.g., 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, etc.)elongations have been successfully tested with similar results as well.FIGS. 10A-10C illustrate these results, which verify that these deviceshave a surprisingly high reliability and effectiveness.

Each single screen test has been applied by thermal transfer onto apiece of elastic fabric (same fabric material of the ribbon) withdimensions of 45×20 cm. One end of the sample was bound to the frame ofthe test device, while the other end was fixed to the pneumatic piston.The electric wires of the samples, connected in series each other's,have been connected to the source of direct current power supply througha current-limiting resistor. Potential voltage leak at the ends of thewire was monitored by means of a data logger. The tests have beenconducted on three different screen test samples: one with 4 conductors,one with 6 conductors and one with 8 conductors.

TABLE 1 TEST PARAMETERS Distance between jaws 270 mm Elongation 20%Cycle frequency 1 Hz Number of cycles 3000* Voltage acquisitionfrequency 1 Hz *Note: the number of cycles have been calculatedconsidering one ‘dressing’ and one ‘undressing’ per day, for a productlife duration exceeding 4 years (as a comparison standard washing cyclesare between 40 and 50 times).

FIGS. 11 and 12 schematically illustrate cross-sections through six andfour strand wire bundles. The wires in this example are all enameledcopper wires that are 0.05 mm/8 strands thickness. These wires may eachbe individually color and/or patterned coded, as indicated by thenumeric keys to the right of each figure.

FIG. 13 illustrates an example of a length of elastic electricalconnector, shown as long, relatively thin (e.g., between about 2 and 5cm) and relatively flat (e.g., less than 2 mm). FIG. 14 shows anenlarged view of just the distal end, with the wires (six are shown)exposed. FIG. 15A is an enlarged view of a portion of an elasticelectrical connector shown connected to a sensor, specifically a stretchsensor. In practice multiple electrical components (including sensors,PCBs, microphones, electrodes, speakers, etc.) may be connected by theelastic electrical connectors described herein. For example, FIG. 16illustrates an elastic electrical connector showing multiple electricalcomponents electrically connected to the wires of the elastic electricalconnector.

FIG. 15B illustrates one example of a method of assembling a straingauge sensor as described herein, that operates based on stretch of anelastic impregnated with conductive particles. In FIG. 15B, the sensoris configured as a breath strain gauge sensor that is fixed directly tothe ribbon band 1509 by two rivets 1511, 1511′.

In this example, the breath sensor (elastic) is placed, centered andattached to the middle of a fabric strip 1509 as shown. The sensor maybe attached by keeping the sensor stable, marking two (or more) holes onthe band (e.g., by an awl), punching through the band to form holes ofapproximately 2 mm diameter and fixing the sensor to the strip with tworivets 1511, 1511′. The rivets may be inserted from the back side of thestrip, as shown. Once attached, the sensor may be covered with anotherlayer, as shown in FIG. 15C. In this example, a fabric strip 1519 isattached by applying an adhesive around a perimeter region at one ormore locations 1521 (or completely around the edge). This sensorconfiguration may increase the stability of the sensor, allowing it towork concurrently with the ribbon band forming the sub-assembly(spidon). The lower and upper strips of fabric (e.g., the lower stripforming the ribbon band and the covering strip) may form a pocket inwhich the elastic sensor may stretch and contract without interference.

FIGS. 17A-17F illustrate one method of making a sensor that may beconnected to the elastic electrical connectors described herein.

As mentioned above, the connectors described herein may be part of asystem including one or more flexible connectors (which may be referredto as a “spidon”), that may connect multiple electrical components,including connecting such components to a Sensor Management System(SMS), having male and/or female connectors with their components. Thespidon may be configured as a harness with multiple intelligent strands(e.g., made of twisted enameled multi (2 to 20, 2 to 18, 2 to 16, 2 to14, 2 to12, etc.) wires sewed against one side of a fabric strip in asinusoidal (e.g., zig-zag) pattern, and may include isolating glue. Thespidon may connect and therefore include electrodes, sensors, hapticactuators, touch-points and ICs such as microcontrollers and IMUs. Aspidon may be designed for garment application where signals coming frommultiple sensors, electrodes, touch points and haptic actuators placedin different parts of the garment/body have to be connected tomicroprocessors placed in different parts of the garment/body and to(an) external devices such as a Multi Media Module device (MMM). The SMSconnector is part of the Spidon and may be positioned in the uppercenter of each shirt, which corresponds to the center between thewearer's shoulder blades, the place in the human body less sensitive toweight and to touch.

The SMS may be placed in each shirt rather than in the MMM. Thissolution increases the cost of the system: rather than buying an MMMwith a SMS and use it with many shirts with no SMS, the user now has tobuy a MMM without an SMS and use it with many shirts each one having anSMS. However this solution allows to increase the number of sensors,electrodes, touch points and haptic actuators in the garment withouthaving to increase the size of the male and female connectors on theMMM. Potential users may not wear an SMS with more than 36 pins becauseits size would become too intrusive and uncomfortable.

By placing the SMS in the connector glued to the shirt, each sensor,electrode, touch point or haptic actuator may be directly connected tothe SMS microprocessor through the already mentioned strands. The SMSmicroprocessor is then responsible for acquiring and processing eachsensor, electrode, touch point or haptic actuator data and signals, andfor sending those calculations to the MMM through a digital serial portthat requires just two pins on the SMS connector.

It should be noted that in case the SMS would have been placed in theMMM rather than in shirt connector, all the sensors, electrodes, touchpoints or haptic actuators would have been connected to the MMM, thusdramatically increasing the number of pins on the connector and, as aresult, increasing its overall size. In this case, a high number ofsensors, electrodes, touch points or haptic actuators could be achievedonly at the cost of a bigger connector size. On the contrary, the chosensolution ensures small connector dimensions and a high number ofsensors, electrodes, touch points or haptic actuators (up to forty-fourconnections or more) at the same time.

In addition to the already described architecture, additional technologyallows the system to increase the number of sensors, electrodes, touchpoints or haptic actuators without increasing the number of strands thatneed to be embedded into the garment and connected to the SMS connector.This may be achieved by using the intelligent dedicated strands thatwere already mentioned above. These intelligent strands which connectembed sensors, electrodes, touch points, haptic actuators andmicroprocessors that communicate with the SMS microprocessor in asimilar way as the MMM and SMS are. Each bundle may include multiplestrands or wires. For example, four twisted enameled wires may be used:two wires to carry signal (e.g., acting as a digital serialcommunication bus), and two for the power supply and ground.

Following a similar principle as the one described for the SMS, it ispossible to consider additional ‘modules’, each containing one or more,each additional microcontroller, embedded into intelligent strands canbe then connected to a high number of different sensors, electrodes,touch points and haptic actuators placed on the garment. These modulesare connected to the SMS by the strands. The microcontroller, in fact,manages not only sensor conditioning, but also digital communication.

In addition to this first advantage, there are two other importantfeatures that should be noted. First, by using this overall systemarchitecture, the number of wires that go around the garment isconsiderably reduced, because the sensors, electrodes, touch points orhaptic actuators are not connected to the SMS but to themicrocontrollers, and also because all the microcontrollers can sharethe same digital serial bus for communicating with the SMSmicrocontroller. This is possible because each microprocessor isidentified by an address, thus it can be uniquely identified whilecommunicating with the SMS. The fact that the number of wires is reducedby this solution, surely improves garment wearability and comfort forthe final users. Wearability and comfort is important for wearablecomputers like ours that operate when in direct contact with a largeportion of our skin (entire upper body/shirts, entire lower body/tights,hands/gloves, feet/socks, head/balaclava and more) contrary tocomputers, smart phones that are used while on desks, in hands or inpockets or intelligent watches or wrist bands that are worn on ourwrists.

It should be also noted that the number of different microprocessorsthat can share the same digital serial bus is theoretically infinite orvery high and limited primarily by the space on the garment and by thecomputational power of the SMS microcontroller that needs to manage allthe microcontrollers placed around the garment (including theinterrogation frequency, bandwidth, etc.).

Lastly, the combination of microcontrollers, sensors, electrodes, touchpoints or haptic actuators connected to it, allows to create a sort of“smart sensorized node” that can be managed independently from the SMSand can help to distribute the data processing and to relieve the SMSmicrocontroller processing load.

Referring to FIG. 21, the connector body (a1) is made off polycarbonateplastic material with an overall thickness of 2 mm in order to guaranteeshock protection. At the base there is a flat flange (a2) which allows agood stability on the soft plastic layer support (b1) which ishot-melted to the garment fabric (b2). One additional purpose of thisflange is to fix the connector to the first plastic layer through anadditional layer (b3) which is hot-melted to the flange in order to‘sandwich’ the connector to further stabilize it. The final assemblingis shown in FIG. 22.

In FIG. 23, the SMS connector has four magnets (a3) placed at the fourcorners cylindrical seat (a4) that allows to lock easily and tostabilize the external device to be connected. This connector has a 68IP grade to be completely waterproof to endure regular washing (it is an‘intelligent’ garment thus needs to be regularly cleaned after use),thus the magnets are positioned at the back side of the surface in orderto avoid possible oxidation and rust deposit.

In FIG. 24, despite the matching position between the external deviceand the SMS connector is constrained, on both sides right and left, ispresent a semi-cylindrical slot (a5), designed to avoid unwantedreversed connections.

The connector may also be made waterproof, e.g., or at leastwater/moisture resistant, as shown in FIG. 25. The female contactsreceptacle has been designed to avoid any water access to the innerparts. After the female contacts (a6) insertion in the correspondingpinhole, the back side of the connector is filled with epoxy resin (b4)in order to seal completely any interstice.

One basic pins configuration is shown in FIG. 24 with 12 poles, but itcould also be configured with 16, 20, 24 and 28 poles as shown in thevariations of FIG. 26 (showing, 20, 24 and 28, respectively).

FIG. 27 illustrates the electrical connections between the SMS (SensorManager System) connector and the external Multimedia Module device(MMM) are through female contacts (a6) and pogo pins (b5) that thanks tothe internal spring ensure stable and reliable electrical contacts evenunder extreme shocks and vibrations.

FIGS. 28-31 illustrate an SMS. The SMS shell shown contains a printedcircuit board assembly (PCBA) (FIG. 28), directly soldered to the femalecontacts and acting as a central unit able to acquire and process dataand signals from sensors, electrodes, touch points or haptic actuatorsembedded into the garment and transmit them to the MMM.

The SMS main component is a microcontroller. As already mentioned, themain purpose of this microcontroller is to manage the acquisition ofdata and signals coming from sensors (e.g. ECG electrodes, EMGs, stringgauges, skin conductance, IMUs, etc.), electrodes, touch points orhaptic actuators. The same component is also involved into a first phaseof data processing (e.g. digital filters) and into the communication ofthese calculations to the Multimedia Module through a serial digitalline.

In one example, shown in FIG. 29, twelve pins (female contacts) ensurethe electrical connection. These pins are used for having the digitalcommunication, the power supply coming from the Multimedia Modulebattery (regulated +3.3V and protected VBAT) and other hardware features(e.g. sensing of the connection between Multimedia Module and SMS). InFIG. 30A, the SMS PCBA solder layer has been designed to allow severalconnections to various types of sensors, electrodes, touch points orhaptic actuators distributed throughout the garments to cover the bodyspecific parts (arms, hands, legs, feet, shoulders, head, thorax, back,abdomen, etc.) through a special harness made with elastic ribbon towhich is sewed a strand of 2 to 12 (or more) enameled conductors/wires.The strand (bundle of wires) is sewn at the peak and trough of thezig-zag pattern, with each side in this example measuring from a minimumof 2 mm to a maximum of 4 cm and with angles between 1° and 179° inorder to allow the ribbon to stretch from 10% to 500% of its length. Theribbon band is made with the same fabric utilized to make the part ofthe garment (sleeve, shoulder, etc.) where it is applied. Sincestretchable fabrics stretch in various directions (from 1 to 6 or more)the ribbon is applied following the exact stretching direction of thepart where it is applied. This process ensures that the ribbon has thesame elongation and the same return as the fabric where it is applied toimprove functionality (conductivity and data collection) and comfort inwearing the garment. It also improves the looks of the garment (seamlessstretching and return of the garment when body is in motion). Theelastic ribbon is glued to the stretchable fabric through an adhesivefilm especially formulated for fabric applications, this adhesive is onthe same wiring layer and it is used for hot fixing to the garment'selastic tissue in order to block and keep the zig-zag strand shape afterhot application. The zig-zag shape has been optimized to assure thewires elongation during donning and usage avoiding the mechanical stressof the copper conductive material.

FIG. 30B is another example of an SMS housing that may be used to securea controller (SMS controller) that is configured to allow it to securelyhousing the controller and allow it to interface with a plurality ofinputs, e.g., from flexible ribbon connectors, without pulling the wiresout of the controller. In FIG. 30B, the SMS connector housing (shell3009) allows the SMS circuitry (controller, not visible in FIG. 30B) torest snugly within the housing so that a seal may be provided over theconnectors between the wires 3907 and the circuitry. In FIG. 30B, thecover is not shown over the SMS housing; before the back cover isattached, the SMS may be coated with a region of epoxy resin. A sealant3005 such as a ring of Down Corning silicone may be placed all aroundthe wires strands collected in the center of the PCB. This silicone 3005crown may allow the wires exit gently from the SMS connector shell,retained in position, and may also provide some degree of waterresistance to the connections.

In any of the connectors described herein in which the insulated wiresare sewn onto the substrate, a separate thread material (e.g., cotton,polyester, blend, etc.) may be used to sew the bundle of wires againstthe substrate (fabric) at the appropriate regions. A single loop ofthread, or multiple loops of thread may be used to hold the wires inplace. The thread may pass around the bundle of wires one or more times,and through the substrate one or more times. The stitches securing thewires to the substrate may be separated by a spacing distance (e.g., seeFIG. 1, element 103).

The wired elastic ribbons connect different sensors types as: IMUs,EMGs, electrodes, touch points, ink sensors by conductive washersconnections (e.g., FIG. 31), haptic actuators, PCBA (FIG. 10) and anykind of electrical connections.

In case of PCBA incorporation, this must be previously covered by epoxyresin to prevent any water, sweat or any kind of liquid penetrationinside the electronic circuit. The coverage has a smooth and roundedshape in order to have a good touch feeling and an attractive appearancefrom the external side of the garment.

The conductive washers may be used for connect the copper wire, solderedon it, to the ink sensors and are made by silver-chloride thin steelfilm in order to have a strong bending resistance and good protectionagainst rust and oxidation, maintaining optimal conductivity values. Thecoupling between the washer and the ink surface is made thanks a specialconductive adhesive named z-axis (manufactured by 3M) that allowstransmission of electrical signals between the two different materialsurfaces.

With this system, it is possible have also input/output electricalconnections, like connectors or external modules in every parts of thegarments thanks to the “splitter PCB” (SPP) that allows the connectionof the thin enameled conductor to standard harnesses. As per the PCBA,the SPP must be protected by epoxy resin coverage after cabling. FIG. 32illustrates a connector electrically connected to a pair of electrodes.

All the wired ribbons terminations are soldered to the SMS PCBA pads onthe Solder layer and, after test, are incorporated by epoxy resin insidethe SMS connector shell (FIG. 33) in order to completely prevent waterpenetration. A Spidon subsystem (e.g., FIG. 34, FIG. 35) may then beready to be coupled with the garment. First of all the SMS connector maybe inserted through a slot present on the high back side of the shirtand mechanical fixed to the garment as described above (e.g., FIG. 21),then following the draw projected by a laser projector, the variouswired strips may be positioned to the right place of the internalgarment surface and using a hydraulic press for thermo printing, fixedto the tissue.

FIG. 35B illustrates another example of a subsystem including aplurality of elastic electrical connectors that each include a pluralityof wires arranged and attached as described herein (e.g., including aplurality of wires extending along a length of a first side of anelongate strip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern,wherein each of the wires is electrically insulated, and wherein theplurality of wires are attached to the first surface by a stitch at apeak and a trough of the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern). In this examplethe subsystem includes seven branches (strips) that all connect at oneend (a proximal end) to an SMS controller 3505 (held in an SMS housing).Each branch may include one or more sensors 3517 and/or IMUs 3515 (whichmay, e.g., process data from the one or more sensors and prepare it fortransmission to and by the SMU 3505). The strips forming the subsystemmay then be attached or otherwise integrated into a garment (sewn,glued, embedded, layered, attached, etc.), such as a shirt, e.g., at-shirt having long or short sleeves, including but not limited tocompression garments. In FIG. 35B, the subsystem includes connectors fora left 3507 touch sensor, a right touch sensor 3507′, a left arm 3509, aright arm 3509′, a left back 3511, a right back 3511′ and a center backregion 3513. The different connectors may have different lengths and mayconnect to different components, as illustrated.

Other examples of SMS and SMS connectors are shown in FIGS. 36-39.

FIGS. 40A-40C illustrate other examples of flexible connectors having awires attached in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern. In these example, oneor a bundle of fibers is attached (including sewn into the fabric,rather than using an additional thread to sew the wires onto thesubstrate as described above in FIGS. 1-39). Thus, these embodiments maynot have all of the advantages, including ease of removing andconnecting a wire, as described above.

In some variations it may be useful to use conductive threads or otherhigh-conductivity connectors, such as those shown in FIG. 40A-40C. Inthis example, the conductive thread is stitched onto the garment in awavy (e.g., zig-zag, sigmoidal, etc.) pattern that allows somestretching in the net direction of the stitching. As described above,respiration (sensors) traces may be formed of stretchable conductive inkpatterns to take advantage of the change in conductivity with the changein resistivity with stretching of the conductive ink pattern. In thisexample, the sewn pattern of threads includes an approximately 35-40degree zig-zag pattern allowed the stitch to elongate slightly with thefabric. In some example, the conductive thread is a metallic conductivethread. The angle formed at each turning point (in the wavy pattern) andthe width of the pattern may depend upon the textile used. In general,the higher the stretchability of the textile, the smaller the angle. Thenumber of threads may vary; in general, any number of threads may beused depending, for example, on the number of sensors and their pinsthat need to be connected. The threads are typically sewn directly onthe garment. The electrical insulation of the thread may be obtained byan external coating on the thread (e.g. silicone, polyester, cotton,etc.) and/or by a layer of insulating adhesive, as described above. Thethread connectors may also be used as part of a transfer as describedabove. For example, a conductive thread may be sewn on a band made onthe same fabric of the garment and then transferred by a thermal processto the garment, e.g., using a layer of adhesive.

One or more conductive threads may be applied directly to a fabric (suchas a compression garment) or to a transfer (e.g., patch of fabric orother material that is then attached to the garment). Conductive threadsmay be insulated (e.g., enameled) before being sewn. In some variationsthe conductive thread may be grouped prior to sewing onto a fabric orother substrate. For example, a plurality (e.g., 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) ofthreads may be insulated and wound together, then stitched into asubstrate, such as the compression fabric. For example, in onevariation, an apparatus includes a garment having an IMU and two EMGswith inputs fed into circuitry (e.g., microchip) on the apparatus,including on a sensor module/manager. The components may be operated onthe same electronic ‘line’, where the line is a a plurality ofelectrically conductive threads that are combined together for stitchingthrough the substrate. In one example, two microchips can be operated bythe same ‘line’ made of 4 wires, where each wire is electricallyisolated from each other. In stitching a material, the stitch may beformed of two sets of wires; one on top of the substrate and one beneaththe substrate, as is understood from mechanical sewing devices; in somevariations a stitch formed of conductive thread may include an upperconductive thread (or group of conductive threads) and a lowerconductive thread (or group of conductive threads), where the upperconductive thread(s) is primarily on the upper surface and the lowerconductive thread(s) are primarily on the lower surface (but one oreither may pass through the substrate to engage with the other).

For example, a conductive thread may include a very fine (e.g., 0.7millimeters gauge/thickness) ‘wire’ made of 4 twisted and enameled (thuselectrically isolated from each other) wires covered with a bindingsolution (that is silicon or water based) or protected by a jacket,having a total diameter of about 0.9 millimeters. A conductive wire maybe sewn in a wavy (e.g., zig-zag) pattern, such as a pattern having 45to 90 degrees angles between the legs of the zig-zag, directly on afabric or substrate. In some example, the pattern is formed on asubstrate of material (e.g., fabric) and attached to the garment. Forexample, the substrate may be a 1 cm to 3 cm self-adhesive strip offabric.

FIGS. 41-48 illustrate the connection and formation of one type ofsensor to an elastic electrical connector as described above. In thisexample, a stretch sensor may be formed by impregnating an elasticmaterial with conductive particles, allowing it to dry and then couplingcontacts at the ends, to form terminals. Once the terminals areattached, the elastic material may be coupled to a wire connector, suchas the pre-prepared wire ribbon material shown in FIG. 41. In FIG. 41, awire ribbon material is sewn into a strip of fabric with a pair oftwisted wires 1010 (though more than two wires may be used), shown astwisted, enameled (insulated) wires. The wires are sewn into the stripof fabric (e.g., compression fabric) in a zig-zag pattern and the fabricstrip may include a fabric adhesive or may be configured for thermallyapplying to another fabric (e.g., garment), so that the conductiveconnectors can be applied directly to the fabric without having to sewdirectly onto the fabric, and providing a covering for the wires. Thefabric onto which the wires are sewn is typically the same material towhich they are to be applied (e.g., a compression garment fabric). Insome variations one side of the fabric onto which the zig-zag pattern ofinsulated wires is sewn, which may be referred to as an applicatorfabric, include or is treated for use with a fabric adhesive (includingthermally active adhesive). In practice, long lengths of wire may beprepared ahead of time and cut to need for application to a garment.Note that in general, a wire ribbon material may be used as anelectrical connector connecting one or more sensors to other portions ofthe garments described herein, including a data module, and/or an SMScomponent. This wire ribbon material may be referred to herein as a wireribbon material or as a stitched zig-zag connector. This material may beadvantageously prepared in long lengths and cut to the desired lengthfor securing (e.g., adhesively securing) the garment and/or sensor.

For example, in FIG. 42, the conductive elastic ribbon is place on athermo adhesive glued surface of the wired ribbon in a region that doesnot include wire, and connected to the conductive wire ends. Forexample, as shown in FIG. 43, the conductors (wires) are soldered to thecopper terminals.

Once applied to the conductive wires, the elastic ribbon may be enclosedwithin a fabric (e.g., an insulating fabric, which may be the same asthe fabric to which it's being applied). In some variations the elasticribbon may be enclosed in an insulator material and/or coated with aninsulator. In FIGS. 44 and 45 the external side of the conductiveelastic ribbon (including the contacts) is sealed with an adhesivetissue ribbon to a width of approximately 33 mm). The tissue (covering)ribbon may be fixed over the elastic ribbon by, e.g., thermo press (whenusing a thermally activated adhesive) as shown in FIG. 45.

Thereafter, the resulting ribbon including the conductive elasticmaterial and zig-zag wires may be attached to a garment, such as acompression garment.

FIG. 49 is an example of a sensor that may be integrated into an elasticconnector as described herein. In this example, the sensor is an IMU,although any sensor may be used. Multiple IMUs may be attached to thesubsystem (as shown in FIGS. 35A and 35B), which may provide bodymovement and/or positional information when the garment is worn. Forexample a sensor may be on or part of a printed circuity board such asthe IMU shown in FIG. 49 (or an EMG sensor or conditioning circuitry).Attachment between a flexible, stretchable fabric and a somewhat morerigid PCB may typically result in a poor connection which may vary inresistance as the wire(s) is/are bent during normal movement/wear of thegarment. In FIG. 49, the PADs 4901 onto which the insulated wires of theconnector are attached are arranged in a fanned, semi-circulararrangement, so that the wires may remain bundled 4911 until they reachthe center of the semi-round seating region (e.g., remain gatheredtogether), as shown, then individual wires spread out and are attachedto the contacts (PADS 4911). Similar connections may be made on bothends of the circuitry. In some variations wires that are not connectedto the circuit (e.g., sensor) may be separated before reaching thefan-out region at the vertex 4915 of the semi-circular PAD arrangement,and may pass on the strip, around the sensor/circuitry (not shown).

FIG. 50 is another example of a circuitry (PCB) that may be connected ina similar fashion to the flexible/stretchable fabric connector strip. InFIG. 50, a female plug 5019 may be connected to the strip. The femalejack connector in this example includes two added wings that may improvethe Jack connector stability and the fixing to the ribbon. In thisexample, the insulated wires from the connector strip remain bundled5011 until they reach a central vertex region 5015, where they then fanout to contact the PAD contacts arranged in a semi-circle that fans outaround a common vertex 5015. By connecting the wires of the flexiblefabric strip to the more rigid substrate and contacts of a sensor orother PCB (e.g., the connector 5019 shown in FIG. 50) in this manner,stress may be distributed in a way that prevents resistance changes anddisconnection of the wires.

It may also be beneficial to coat the contact region (including thevertex 4915, 5015 and PAD contacts 4909, 5009) with a polymer, such as asilicone. For example, in both FIGS. 49 and 50, a Dow Corning siliconehas been placed in the circular seat wire connector regions, keeping thewires in suspension so that they may exit gently from the PCB as a cableboot. The silicone may be accurately and easily applied because of thesemi-circular arrangement, and may help insulate and protect from wateras well.

In FIG. 51, the sensor (e.g., IMU 5103) and circuitry (processor 5105with connector 5107) such as those shown in FIGS. 49 and 50 are shownconnected to a flexible fabric connector, as illustrated above. In thisexample, the fabric (e.g., compression or stretchable fabric) 5101 isformed as a strip and has an adhesive on one or both sides (e.g., on thevisible side shown in FIG. 51). As just described, both the sensor andthe connector, via the circuitry 5105, are attached to some of the wirescoupled to the fabric in a zig-zag pattern, as shown.

Any of the methods (including user interfaces) described herein may beimplemented as software, hardware or firmware, and may be described as anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing a set ofinstructions capable of being executed by a processor (e.g., computer,tablet, smartphone, etc.), that when executed by the processor causesthe processor to control perform any of the steps, including but notlimited to: displaying, communicating with the user, analyzing,modifying parameters (including timing, frequency, intensity, etc.),determining, alerting, or the like.

Additional Examples

The methods and apparatuses described herein may be configured for usewith or as part of a wearable electronics garment that includes aplurality of sensors. One improvement described herein is the use of astrip of fabric, configured as a framework that includes wiring andsensors preformed and connected thereon. The framework may be madeattached into a garment, and allows flexibility in construction, testingand finishing. As described above, the framework includes strips orribbons of substrate, which may be the same or a different material fromthe rest of the garment to which it is attached. These ribbons mayinclude wire bundles that are then connected to the sensors and/oroutputs on the strips and attached to the garment. Rolls of the wiredribbon (with flexibly and slideably attached zig-zag wire bundles) maybe formed and variable lengths later cut and used to form a variety ofgarments having different shapes and sizes.

In addition, the ribbons including the flexible and slideable bundles ofinsulated wires may also have one or more sensors and/or outputs (e.g.,electrodes, haptics, accelerometers, temperature sensors, speakers,capacitive touch sensors, etc.) formed on the strip of material orattached to an adjacent strip of material. For was illustrated above inFIGS. 6-9, 16 and 31-32, 35A-35B, 42-45 and 51. FIGS. 52A-52B illustrateanother example, showing a haptic actuator that may be included. In FIG.52A, the haptic actuator 5203 is shown on a substrate (e.g., PCB, whichmay include a protective coating such as a transparent resin coating)5201, and is assembled on the substrate with component circuitry, suchas a filter diode 5205 and control circuity. As show in FIG. 52B, thehaptic actuator assembly on the substrate 5200 may be connected to theribbon or strip including the electrical connectors arranged in azig-zag pattern 5208 as previously described. Thus any of the ribbonsdescribed herein may be formed with one or more sensors and/or outputsconnected to the conductive wires arranged on the ribbon. These may thenbe joined into the framework when assembling the device, such, forexample, the framework (“spidon”) shown in FIG. 53.

FIG. 53 shows an example similar to that shown and described in FIGS.35A-356B, discussed above. In FIG. 53, the framework is formed bycutting strips of connector ribbon to which one or more sensors havebeen coupled to a desired length and arranging them in the framework tobe attached to the garment. In this example, the framework includeslengths of ribbon to which bundles of insulated wire are attached asdiscussed above, and conned to t electrodes or other sensors. Forexample, left 5301 and right 5303 arm strips of ribbon each have anelectrode 5305, 5305′ on either end. Each strip may ultimatelyelectrically connect to an SMS unit 5309 forprocessing/storage/transmission of data from the sensors and/or outputs.Other branches of the framework formed by the connected ribbons includeright 5311 and left 5313 leg electrodes as well as left 5315 and right5317 thorax breath sensors that are configured to be attached across thefront of the garment. An abdominal breath sensor 5319 as well as left5321 and right 5323 abdominal breath sensors may also be included todetect respiration. In FIG. 53 the chest strips also include a pluralityof ECG electrodes (V1-V6) arranged to detect ECG at or near standard ECGelectrode placement positions.

Any of the electrodes for contacting the wearer's body described hereinmay be configured as an assembly of electrodes. For example, FIG.54A-54B illustrate an embossed electrode configured for EEG, EOG, EMGand/or ECG. In FIG. 54A the electrode assembly is shown in an explodedview including an electrode cover 5401, a conductive ink 5403, anelectrode support 5405, a compressible contact support 5407 (shown hereas a sponge foam for increased contact to skin and thereforeconductance). And an electrical limiter (e.g., insulator) 5409. FIG. 54Bshows an example of a partially assembled electrode 5411, without acover.

Any appropriate covers may be used. The electrode cover may beparticularly helpful to keep the electrode in contact with the wearer'sskin. For example, FIGS. 55A and 55B illustrate electrode covers thatare configured to include a grip pattern on the surface. In thisexample, the electrode covers are formed of a fabric material onto whicha pattern of micro protrusions (e.g., balls, spheres, etc.) of ahigh-grip material such as silicone or polyurethane material has beenapplied by an extrusion or print process. These micro balls may helpassure a good adhesion of the electrode to the skin in order to have astable biometric signal. This pattern may also allow the sweat to drainfrom the skin surface (e.g., a pattern having gaps, rows, columns, etc.)as shown. The gaps may be spaced to be >0.1 mm (e.g., 0.1 mm or more,0.2 mm or more, 0.3 mm or more, 0.5 mm or more 1 mm or more, etc.)apart. In FIG. 55A, the fabric support 5501 is a soft fabric supportwith an adhesive on (or may be applied onto) one side. The coverincludes a window 5503. As mentioned, the plurality of grip protrusions5505 may be attached or formed onto the skin-facing surface. FIG. 55Bshows a similar variation with a larger window or opening for theelectrode.

As mentioned, sensors, such as electrodes, may be attached to theelectrical connectors on the strips/ribbons of material and used to formthe framework for attaching to the garment. FIGS. 56A-56C illustrate onemethod of attaching a set of electrodes, similar to that shown in FIGS.17A-20, above. In FIG. 56A, the conductive metal pads 5601 may be stuckonto the ink aps of the electrodes, as shown. These conductive metalpads may then be tinned 5603 (as shown in FIG. 56B) and a de-insulatedend of the wires may be soldered 5605 to the conductive metal pads, asshown in FIG. 56C.

FIG. 57 is another, somewhat alternative, versions of the framework forforming a garment having a plurality of sensors similar to what is shownin FIG. 53. In FIG. 57, an alternative respiratory sensor is used,formed of a conductive cord, as will be described in greater detailbelow in reference to FIGS. 58A-58I. In this example, the apparatusincludes the right 5701 and left 5703 arm electrodes and SMS 5709, aswell as the right 5707 and left 5711 leg electrode (which may connectthe lower back or upper buttock region when worn in the garment).Similar ECG electrodes (V1-V6) are shown. A plug 5721 (e.g., 5 polefemale plug) may also be included. The respiratory sensors in thisexample, include ends that are connected by two parallel strips 5725,5725′ with ends at the level of the thorax, xiphoid, abdominal upperregion, and abdominal lower region. The conductive cord, which is anelastic conductive cord, may be attached at either ends (e.g., betweenthese parallel vertical strips 5725, 5725′). For example, the signalends of the thorax 5731, xiphoid 5733, upper abdominal region 5735 andlower abdominal region 5737 are on the right side 5725′ strip, while theground end terminals of the thorax 5741, xiphoid 5743, upper abdominalregion 5745 and lower abdominal region 5747 are on the left side strip5725. As shown in FIG. 58A-58I the conductive cord may be connectedbetween the signal and ground ends.

In FIG. 58A, a length of electrically conductive cord 5801 (e.g., a cordor tube formed of a conductive silicone rubber that includes an outerinsulator) is shown. A connector (e.g., ring terminal) may be placed oneither rend of the length. The length x may be cut to a predeterminedlength based on the size of the garment, and the terminals 5803 attachedto either end (e.g., by crimping, etc.). The conductive cord may then becoupled to a support 5809 (with or without a rigid or semi-rigidsubstrate 5811, as shown in FIGS. 58C (and side view 58D) and 58E (andside view 58F). A connector 5813 (e.g. rivet) may be used to connect theconductive cord ends to the limiter support (substrate 5809). The otherend may be pulled through a channel (e.g., a fabric channel that isattached or to be attached to the garment. The attachment end may thenbe coupled to the framework (e.g., FIG. 57) and an electrical contactmade through the connector. See, FIG. 58G. The opposite end may then beconnected to a support substrate and connector, as shown in FIG. 58H,and attached to the opposite strip (e.g., 5725′ in FIG. 57), as shown inFIG. 58I. The connections may be sealed (and insulated). A fabric cover(sensor cover) may also be applied over the ends.

In operation, the electrically conductive cord may provide a stretchsensor that changes an electrical property (e.g., resistance) withstretch within a relatively linear range that provides a sufficientmeasure of respiration based on the stretching and relaxation of thecord during breathing while wearing the garment. The electricallyconductive cord may include conductive carbon fibers.

FIGS. 60A-60B illustrate another example of a type of sensor, shown as atemperature sensor, that may be used. In this example, the temperaturesensor is assembled on a rigid or semi-rigid support 6001 (e.g., PCB)and includes a temperature sensor 6003 (e.g., PCBA) and a transparentsealing cover 6005. In FIG. 6B the sensor is show integrated into agarment. For example, the sensor may be attached directly to the garmentor to the strip/ribbon with the electrical connectors, as describedabove. In FIG. 60B, the sensor 6003 is connected to a transparent gluefilm support 6009 to which ultralight zig-zag bands of connectors 6013have been attached as well, and a fabric ring protector cover 6011 isattached over the sensor.

FIG. 61 shows an example of a finished garment 6101 that includes aframework of ribbons with conductive wires attached in a zig-zag patternand sensors has been applied to a base fabric 6103 that is a compressionmaterial. The final garment also includes calibrated sets of straps6103, 6105 for tightening halter-like framework to the patient's body,allowing snug contact with the skin, as well as a belt 6109. A sidezipper 6115 may be used to put the garment on/off. The armpit regionsare shown without fabric (opening 6117), to avoid getting perspirationon the garment, reducing the need to wash it, although it generally iswashable.

Balaclava

FIGS. 62A-69D illustrate one example of a garment with a plurality ofsensors that may be worn by a patient. This garment is configured as abalaclava to be worn on the patient's head, and may include a variety ofdifferent sensor and/or outputs, including a speaker over or near theuser's ear(s). The same principles described above, including theribbons formed with bundles of insulated electrically conductive wiresarranged in a zig-zag pattern may be used, and the ribbon may have asmaller width. FIGS. 62A and 62B illustrate an example of a framework(“spidon”) for a balaclava garment. In this example, to increase thewearing comfort of the Balaclava harness/framework, a conductordistribution system including the zig-zag wire bundles is used; howeverthese wires may be sewn directly on the fabric band. For example, thewires 6205 may individually or as a bundle be sewn first on a thin gluetransparent ribbon and then applied to the fabric band on the glue side.The fabric band shown 6203 has been cut with a custom shape, both forleft and right side, in order to avoid sharp bends. A speaker 6209, 6211may be attached (in FIG. 62B, both the front 6211 and back 6209 views ofa speaker to be attached to the electrical connections 6207 are shown).

In general, the balaclava apparatus may be part of a garment adapted foruse when sleeping. Sleep has a critic impact on human health. Getting agood night's sleep is essential to feeling vigorous the following day.The challenge is to define what a “good” sleep is. Biometric signals canbe exploited to infer indices of clinical relevance which describe thestructure of the sleep, highlighting different phases, patterns,transient events and possible pathological conditions.

The balaclava apparatus shown in FIGS. 63A-63C is a wearable device ablethat acquires biometric signals from the user's head, as well as ambientparameters, through a set of embedded dry electrodes and sensors. Theacquired signals may include: EEG(2): two frontal channels, Fp1-M1 andFp2-M1; EOG(2): left eye and right eye; EMG(3): chin, left masseter andright masseter; Head's position/motion; Frontal temperature; and ambienttemperature.

The apparatus may be connected to additional garments measuring otherbody parameters, and may be a complementary tool for polysomnographicmonitoring and sleep studies: the acquired signals are useful toimplement a sleep report and to infer nocturnal unconscious behaviors.An additional feature of the apparatus is the possibility of providingrelaxing, acoustic stimuli to the user or to stream music as a sleepaid, by exploiting a pair of embedded earbuds.

Target users may be subjects with either diagnosed or suspected sleepdisorders, subjects who need a sleep aid or subjects who want to“quantify themselves” even in complete, unconscious conditions. FIGS.64A-64B show front and rear perspective views of the apparatus worn on auser. The garment is configured as a fitting cap which completely coversthe user's head except for eyes, nose, mouth and the back of the head.The cap has an opening on the nape with an adjustable fasteningmechanism. This element allows for easy wear ability: the user wears theBalaclava by inserting their face into the large opening on the back,then gently fits the fabric over the face and head, finally fasteningthe mechanism on the nape according to his particular neck size.

As shown in FIG. 65A, the fastened garment may include an opening at thecrown of the head for users with long hair. Openings over the ears(shown in FIG. 65B) may be used for the positioning of the mastoidelectrodes just behind the ears, in the correct mastoid area. Moreover,ear cuts may be configured so that the embedded earbuds lean over theears comfortably. In the examples shown in FIGS. 64A-66B, an elasticband runs over the face outline, hidden in a thermal welded fabricchannel. Adjustable mechanisms allow for the user to tighten the elasticband to improve the adherence of the electrodes to the skin. A thermalwelded fabric my contour the face opening to improve skin comfort, asshown in FIG. 66B.

On the top of the garment, a light-plastic case may be attached to thefabric with a thermal, welded patch. The case may hold electronics boardand it has inlets for the passage of the cables.

A breathable fabric insert, present on both the sides, improves theuser's comfort to allow skin transpiration. The garment may be availablein different sizes and it is completely washable, even with the embeddedelectronics.

FIG. 67A illustrates one possible layout of a balaclava apparatus,including various sensors/electrodes (labeled by color, red, gold, blue,green) that may be used. In FIG. 67B, an example of a ribbon connectorincluding a zig-zag pattern of insulated wires that are stitched intothe transparent glue film support are shown. In this example, the ribbonis a narrow support band (approximately 15 mm instead of 30 mm shown inexamples above), and it includes only a glue film instead of glue andfabric. This configuration is simple to bend horizontally for angledpaths needed.

In general, the balaclava apparatus may include a set of dry electrodesand sensors for the acquisition of biometric signals, electronics forsensors management, a pair of earbuds and anti-shock circuitry to managesound experience, a 5-poles jacketed cable to connect the device toL.I.F.E. CTS-Med: biometric data streaming, and a 4-poles jacketed cableto connect the device to Grivola: audio streaming. FIG. 68 illustratesone example of a qualitative schema involving the hardware components.In this example, the PSoC5 (Cypress) is a microcontroller which managessensors sampling and data transfer to Master device (Grivola). TheADS1298 (Texas Instruments) is an analog-front-end for thedigitalization of the analog signals from electrodes. MPU9250 (TDK) isan IMU. The LMT70 forehead (Texas Instruments) is a sensor for user'sforehead temperature monitoring. The LMT70 ambient (Texas Instruments)is a sensor for ambient temperature monitoring. The Speaker SX, speakerDX are earbuds. The electronic board may be held into a soft-plasticcase on the top of the garment. Cables from the “Ultra light Zig-ZagBand” (e.g., FIGS. 62A-62B and 67B), which wire the electrodes, may besoldered on board pads as well as both the 4-poles and the 5-polesjacketed cables; Potting cover is spread on the board in order toprovide mechanical protection and waterproof properties. Firmware may beused to implement sensors sampling and data transfer to the Masterdevice (Grivola) on data-request messages. In some variations asmartphone App (applications software) may provide a user interface forthe management of polysomnographic monitoring and audio streaming. A webApp may include a set of algorithms for off-line signal processing whichyields polysomnographic indices.

The user's experience may involve a multiparametric monitoring duringsleep, followed by an off-line analysis of the acquired signals whichproduces a sleep report. The device may, for example, be part of anasset (do you mean ‘a set’) which implements a complete polysomnography.In some variations, the user wears both a monitoring garment (such asthose shown and described above, including the shirts e.g., FIG. 61),and the Balaclava. They plug the Balaclava connectors to CTS_Med and tothe Grivola. Then they go to bed and start a polysomnography recordingthrough the proper App in their smartphone. They are allowed to selectone or more of the following functions: (1) Sleep staging (using aconfiguration as shown in FIG. 69A, e.g., relying on the acquiredbiometric signals, a sleep staging report is performed. Signalparameters drive a classification into “awake”, “nREM sleep” and “REMsleep” classes); Bruxism detection (using a configuration as shown inFIG. 69B, e.g., seamless monitoring of mandibular muscle activitysupports the diagnosis of bruxism); (3) temperature monitoring; and/or(4) head position monitoring. The user's frontal temperature as well asthe bedroom's ambient temperature are both monitored in order to studythe temperature trends, patterns and correlations during sleep, as shownin the configuration of FIG. 69C. As shown in FIG. 69D, in the Headposition/movements monitoring configuration, information about positionand movements of the head during sleep is acquired in order to identifypossible, unconscious abnormal positions/movements during sleep. Anadditional mode or function may include (5) Audio streaming. Thegarment-embedded earbuds may provide, if requested by the user, music oracoustic stimulation as a sleep aid.

When a feature or element is herein referred to as being “on” anotherfeature or element, it can be directly on the other feature or elementor intervening features and/or elements may also be present. Incontrast, when a feature or element is referred to as being “directlyon” another feature or element, there are no intervening features orelements present. It will also be understood that, when a feature orelement is referred to as being “connected”, “attached” or “coupled” toanother feature or element, it can be directly connected, attached orcoupled to the other feature or element or intervening features orelements may be present. In contrast, when a feature or element isreferred to as being “directly connected”, “directly attached” or“directly coupled” to another feature or element, there are nointervening features or elements present. Although described or shownwith respect to one embodiment, the features and elements so describedor shown can apply to other embodiments. It will also be appreciated bythose of skill in the art that references to a structure or feature thatis disposed “adjacent” another feature may have portions that overlap orunderlie the adjacent feature.

Terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention.For example, as used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” areintended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearlyindicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms“comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification,specify the presence of stated features, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, steps, operations, elements, components, and/orgroups thereof. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and allcombinations of one or more of the associated listed items and may beabbreviated as “/”.

Spatially relative terms, such as “under”, “below”, “lower”, “over”,“upper” and the like, may be used herein for ease of description todescribe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) orfeature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that thespatially relative terms are intended to encompass differentorientations of the device in use or operation in addition to theorientation depicted in the figures. For example, if a device in thefigures is inverted, elements described as “under” or “beneath” otherelements or features would then be oriented “over” the other elements orfeatures. Thus, the exemplary term “under” can encompass both anorientation of over and under. The device may be otherwise oriented(rotated 90 degrees or at other orientations) and the spatially relativedescriptors used herein interpreted accordingly. Similarly, the terms“upwardly”, “downwardly”, “vertical”, “horizontal” and the like are usedherein for the purpose of explanation only unless specifically indicatedotherwise.

Although the terms “first” and “second” may be used herein to describevarious features/elements (including steps), these features/elementsshould not be limited by these terms, unless the context indicatesotherwise. These terms may be used to distinguish one feature/elementfrom another feature/element. Thus, a first feature/element discussedbelow could be termed a second feature/element, and similarly, a secondfeature/element discussed below could be termed a first feature/elementwithout departing from the teachings of the present invention.

Throughout this specification and the claims which follow, unless thecontext requires otherwise, the word “comprise”, and variations such as“comprises” and “comprising” means various components can be co-jointlyemployed in the methods and articles (e.g., compositions and apparatusesincluding device and methods). For example, the term “comprising” willbe understood to imply the inclusion of any stated elements or steps butnot the exclusion of any other elements or steps.

In general, any of the apparatuses and methods described herein shouldbe understood to be inclusive, but all or a sub-set of the componentsand/or steps may alternatively be exclusive, and may be expressed as“consisting of” or alternatively “consisting essentially of” the variouscomponents, steps, sub-components or sub-steps.

As used herein in the specification and claims, including as used in theexamples and unless otherwise expressly specified, all numbers may beread as if prefaced by the word “about” or “approximately,” even if theterm does not expressly appear. The phrase “about” or “approximately”may be used when describing magnitude and/or position to indicate thatthe value and/or position described is within a reasonable expectedrange of values and/or positions. For example, a numeric value may havea value that is +/−0.1% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−1%of the stated value (or range of values), +/−2% of the stated value (orrange of values), +/−5% of the stated value (or range of values), +/−10%of the stated value (or range of values), etc. Any numerical valuesgiven herein should also be understood to include about or approximatelythat value, unless the context indicates otherwise. For example, if thevalue “10” is disclosed, then “about 10” is also disclosed. Anynumerical range recited herein is intended to include all sub-rangessubsumed therein. It is also understood that when a value is disclosedthat “less than or equal to” the value, “greater than or equal to thevalue” and possible ranges between values are also disclosed, asappropriately understood by the skilled artisan. For example, if thevalue “X” is disclosed the “less than or equal to X” as well as “greaterthan or equal to X” (e.g., where X is a numerical value) is alsodisclosed. It is also understood that the throughout the application,data is provided in a number of different formats, and that this data,represents endpoints and starting points, and ranges for any combinationof the data points. For example, if a particular data point “10” and aparticular data point “15” are disclosed, it is understood that greaterthan, greater than or equal to, less than, less than or equal to, andequal to 10 and 15 are considered disclosed as well as between 10 and15. It is also understood that each unit between two particular unitsare also disclosed. For example, if 10 and 15 are disclosed, then 11,12, 13, and 14 are also disclosed.

Although various illustrative embodiments are described above, any of anumber of changes may be made to various embodiments without departingfrom the scope of the invention as described by the claims. For example,the order in which various described method steps are performed mayoften be changed in alternative embodiments, and in other alternativeembodiments one or more method steps may be skipped altogether. Optionalfeatures of various device and system embodiments may be included insome embodiments and not in others. Therefore, the foregoing descriptionis provided primarily for exemplary purposes and should not beinterpreted to limit the scope of the invention as it is set forth inthe claims.

The examples and illustrations included herein show, by way ofillustration and not of limitation, specific embodiments in which thesubject matter may be practiced. As mentioned, other embodiments may beutilized and derived there from, such that structural and logicalsubstitutions and changes may be made without departing from the scopeof this disclosure. Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter maybe referred to herein individually or collectively by the term“invention” merely for convenience and without intending to voluntarilylimit the scope of this application to any single invention or inventiveconcept, if more than one is, in fact, disclosed. Thus, althoughspecific embodiments have been illustrated and described herein, anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.

What is claimed is:
 1. A wiring and sensor subsystem comprising aplurality of elastic electrical connector devices, each devicecomprising: an elongate strip of fabric substrate having a first sideand a second side; a plurality of wires extending along a length of thefirst side of the elongate strip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal orzig-zag pattern, wherein each of the plurality of wires is electricallyinsulated, and wherein the plurality of wires are slideably attached tothe first side by a stitch with a thread through the elongate strip offabric substrate at a plurality of peaks and troughs of the sinusoidalor zig-zag pattern; and an adhesive coating on the first side.
 2. Thesubsystem of claim 1, wherein a first end of each of the plurality ofelastic electrical connector devices is connected to acontroller/processor.
 3. The subsystem of claim 1, wherein each elasticelectrical connector device has a maximum thickness of less than 2 mm.4. The subsystem of claim 1, wherein the plurality of wires of eachdevice comprises a bundle of wires twisted together.
 5. The subsystem ofclaim 1, wherein each of the plurality of wires of each device isindividually coded along its outer length.
 6. The subsystem of claim 1,wherein each of the plurality of wires of each device is electricallyinsulated with a thermoremovable insulator.
 7. The subsystem of claim 1,wherein each of the plurality of wires of each device comprises a copperwire electrically insulated with a polyurethane material.
 8. Thesubsystem of claim 1, wherein the sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern has anamplitude from 0.5 mm to 15 mm.
 9. The subsystem of claim 1, wherein alength between peak and trough stitches is between 1 mm and 15 mm. 10.The subsystem of claim 1, wherein the adhesive coating has a thicknessof between 10 and 200 micrometers thick.
 11. The subsystem of claim 1,wherein the adhesive coating comprises a hot melt film having a meltingpoint of between 130 C and 200° C.
 12. The subsystem of claim 1, whereinthe plurality of wires comprises between 2 and 10 wires.
 13. Thesubsystem of claim 1, wherein the elongate strip of fabric substratecomprises a stretchable fabric substrate.
 14. The subsystem of claim 1,wherein the elongate strip of fabric substrate is between 0.6 mm and 3cm wide and greater than 10 cm long.
 15. The subsystem of claim 1,further comprising a removable backing on the first side covering theadhesive coating.
 16. The subsystem of claim 1, wherein the plurality ofwires may slide relative to the elongate strip of fabric substratewithin the stitch of thread at the plurality of peaks and troughs.
 17. Awiring and sensor subsystem comprising a plurality of elastic electricalconnector devices, each device comprising: an elongate strip of fabricsubstrate having a first side with a length; a bundle of wires that aretwisted together extending along the length of the first side of theelongate strip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern,wherein each of the bundle of wires is electrically insulated with athermoremovable insulator, and wherein the bundle of wires are slideablyattached to the first side by a stitch with a thread material throughthe elongate strip, wherein the length between peak and trough stitchesis between 1 mm and 15 mm; and an adhesive coating on the first side,wherein the plurality of elastic electrical connector devices comprisesa branching framework of strips that are connected to acontroller/processor at a first end of each of the plurality of elasticelectrical connector devices.
 18. The wiring and sensor subsystem ofclaim 17, wherein the branching framework of strips is connected to thecontroller/processor via a sensor management system (SMS) connector. 19.A wiring and sensor subsystem comprising a plurality of elasticelectrical connector devices, each device comprising: an elongate stripof fabric substrate having a first side and a second side; a pluralityof wires extending along a length of the first side of the elongatestrip of fabric substrate in a sinusoidal or zig-zag pattern, whereineach of the plurality of wires is electrically insulated, and whereinthe plurality of wires are slideably attached to the first side by astitch with a thread through the elongate strip of fabric substrate; andan adhesive coating on the first side, wherein a first end of each ofthe plurality of elastic electrical connector devices is connected to acontroller/processor and a second end of each of the plurality ofelastic electrical connector devices is configured to be connectable toat least one electronic component.
 20. The wiring and sensor subsystemof claim 19, wherein the second end of at least one of the plurality ofelastic electrical connector devices is connected to at least onesensor.